Representative institutions no longer represent voters. Instead, they have been short-circuited, steadily corrupted by an institutionalized system of bribery that renders them responsive to powerful interest groups whose constituencies are the major corporations and wealthiest Americans. The courts, in turn, when they are not increasingly handmaidens of corporate power, are consistently deferential to the claims of national security. Elections have become heavily subsidized non-events that typically attract at best merely half of an electorate whose information about foreign and domestic politics is filtered through corporate-dominated media. Citizens are manipulated into a nervous state by the media’s reports of rampant crime and terrorist networks, by thinly veiled threats of the Attorney General and by their own fears about unemployment. What is crucially important here is not only the expansion of governmental power but the inevitable discrediting of constitutional limitations and institutional processes that discourages the citizenry and leaves them politically apathetic.

I selected this paragraph because it talks about how the media and campaigns manipulate voters. I totally agree that media plays an important part the more publicity you have the biggest chance to run the presidency. Nowadays, people barely listen or pay attention to what presidents on what they willing to offer or the plans they have to eliminates major problems in this country. Another important part that this article mentions is how the way we choose our president nowadays has being corrupted by wealthy Americans people. This is because representatives are being bribed and they are not longer representing the voters. In conclusion, everything basically is being control by wealthy Americans.

          The assumption that organizations typically exist to further the common interests of groups of people is implicit in most of the literature about organizations, and two of the writers already cited make this assumption explicit: Harold Laski emphasized that organizations exist to achieve purposes or interests which "a group of men have in common," and Aristotle apparently had a similar notion in mind when he argued that political associations are created and maintained because of the "general advantages" they bring. R. M. MacIver also made this point explicitly when he said that "every organization presupposes an interest which its members all share."


      According to the dictionary an organization is an organized body of people with a particular purpose, especially a business, society, association, etc. I do agree with the reading because as a Lehman college student I was involved in several organizations for students that provided good help. These organizations are mainly composed of everyone’s opinion and collaboration. I think the main reason why people get involved in organizations is because it allows them to communicate what is important to them and what needs to be done. Another main reason is because people need support to survive. So from old times to nowadays, people merge in groups because it makes them stronger and help the general public to overcome many obstacles and difficulties.

Brown v. Board of Education

               Brown v. Board of Education

            Brown v. Board of Education took place during middle of civil right moment as well. Black students were not authorized to attend a superior school in city which mean they wasn't getting the comparable education as other students. The dispute regarding the case was trying to end racism and make people understand that it was already enough and they had to look for a change and no child should be with a poor of an education because of their race, they should not be discriminated. Children had to travel far in order to attend to a black school because the one close to home discriminated them because their skins color.

The Supreme Court took the decision and came out with the conclusion that the law was completely incorrect and unfair and it was time to change this law. This law has never really been practice before so it was one of the laws that just stuck around for so long people just did not know are care about it. This case made a major impact because it gives more opportunities to many people and provide the benefits of getting a better education in order to obtain a brilliant future. Many young students suffered enormous discrimination and the reason was because of their skin color. Dealing with this situation was probability very difficult because they have to go through this situation every single day. To conclude people need to be treated equally no matter the race.

   

Obama convention speech 2014

The DNC convention speech in 2004 was actually one the best speech I ever heard. It is informative as well as inspiration to the audience. The main idea cover was basically to inspired people and to start beliving that America is really treated fairly and is still the land of apportunity. Also the people who migrate the United States which comes from a totally different culture should be treated and obtain the same rights as everyone else. Theres a lot of discrimination nowadays and that is the main reason why not everybody is treated equally. Obama speach included also the economic system can get better and from there this can lead the people to have a better life. But we need the support from the government in order for that particular progress. This means that If we contribute little by little we can remedy the situation to have a better world.

               But these states don't show any discernible relationships between population, the number of seats in a congressional district and the extent of gerrymandering. Pennsylvania and New York have lost congressional seats over time. But Pennsylvania's gerrymandering scores have risen steadily, while New York's peaked around the 98th Congress and have been declining ever since. Texas has nearly doubled its congressional representation since 1950, and its gerrymandering average spiked in the 103rd Congress, dipped in the 108th, and shot back up in the 113th. Maryland's number of districts has been relatively flat, and its gerrymander scores have fluctuated considerably.

             The article is really interesting because it allows me to learn about the congress in general. I live in New York for almost 14 years and I didn't know that New York was loosing congressional seats. This mean we do not have enough people that represent us I think this article needs to be advertise by all the New Yorkers as a wake up call and take action of this act. I feel that New York population has not decrease in order for them to remove congressional seat over time.